Nauka o psihodeliji

[Indy]

Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a TimeAlexander Shulgin endured a government crackdown and hallucinations of his bones melting in pursuit of new mind-bending compoundsAlexander Shulgin is the world's foremost "psychonaut." The 82-year-old chemist has not only created more of the 300 known consciousness-altering (or psychoactive) compounds than anyone living or dead, he has, by his own account, sampled somewhere between 200 and 250 of them himself?most of them cooked up in the musty lab behind his home in the hills east of Berkeley, Calif., where he has shared many a chemical voyage with his wife of 26 years, Ann.---His personal favorite, which he describes as "extraordinarily comfortable and quite erotic," is known simply as 2C-B for its chemical makeup.One by one, Shulgin has seen many of the compounds he invented or experimented with become illegal in the U.S., including some that have never been synthesized by anyone and some that he thought might prove therapeutic, such as MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), better known as ecstasy. "I was very sad to see MDMA achieve the status of a Schedule 1 drug," a designation that prohibits its manufacture or use in the U.S., he says. "I felt that it would inhibit research into its medical value and that's the way it's turned out."---

March 20, 2008Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a TimeAlexander Shulgin endured a government crackdown and hallucinations of his bones melting in pursuit of new mind-bending compoundsBy David Biello Alexander Shulgin is the world's foremost "psychonaut." The 82-year-old chemist has not only created more of the 300 known consciousness-altering (or psychoactive) compounds than anyone living or dead, he has, by his own account, sampled somewhere between 200 and 250 of them himself?most of them cooked up in the musty lab behind his home in the hills east of Berkeley, Calif., where he has shared many a chemical voyage with his wife of 26 years, Ann."I take them myself because I am interested in their activity in the human mind. How would you test that in a rat or mouse?" says Shulgin, known to friends as Sasha.He has paid the price for his avocation. Some of his creations have induced uncontrollable vomiting, paralysis and the feeling that his bones were melting, among other terrors. And though some believe Shulgin has opened the doors of perception to a new class of potentially therapeutic mind-altering compounds, others argue that he bears responsibility for the damage that ongoing abuse of such now-illicit substances can cause.As a student at the University of California, Berkeley, in the 1950s, Shulgin's gateway drug was mescaline, a naturally occurring psychedelic found in peyote and other groovy cacti. "It introduced me to new colors which I had never seen before," Shulgin says. "It allowed me to interpret whatever I was looking at with an entirely new vocabulary?. And yet, what a simple structure!"In the 1960s, while working as a biochemist at The Dow Chemical Co. in San Francisco, he couldn't resist tinkering with the potent mescaline molecule. He synthesized entirely new compounds that retained similar, trippy qualities. Some variations were less potent, but others were even more powerful or imparted their own unique twist.Shulgin, who left Dow in 1965 to consult for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) among other pursuits, offered the best of his new chemical darlings to Ann, his second wife; the most promising of these were passed along to a close circle of 10 friends until the mid-1990s, when the DEA, no longer paying for his services, raided his lab and revoked his license to work with illegal drugs.His personal favorite, which he describes as "extraordinarily comfortable and quite erotic," is known simply as 2C-B for its chemical makeup.One by one, Shulgin has seen many of the compounds he invented or experimented with become illegal in the U.S., including some that have never been synthesized by anyone and some that he thought might prove therapeutic, such as MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), better known as ecstasy. "I was very sad to see MDMA achieve the status of a Schedule 1 drug," a designation that prohibits its manufacture or use in the U.S., he says. "I felt that it would inhibit research into its medical value and that's the way it's turned out."Some researchers agree that the government's response to psychoactive drugs has deprived them of a unique window into human consciousness. After all, rodents will happily ingest most intoxicants and narcotics ?from marijuana to heroin?but not the headier psychedelics."Peculiarly, not only did we make them illegal, but we backed away from them scientifically," says neuroscientist Roland Griffiths of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, one of the researchers who is restarting basic research into psychedelics. His lab has shown that psilocybin, the active ingredient in the variety of fungi known as magic mushrooms, can bring on lasting feelings of well-being. This may indicate that it could be harnessed to help clinically depressed or addicted patients.Shulgin, who continues to study cacti for new chemical routes to altered states, predicts that by the year 2060, the number of different known psychedelics will have grown from 300 to 2,000. He intends to discover?and perhaps sample?as many of them as he can. "It is like opening a door to a hallway," he says, "that has unopened doors for its entire length, and behind every door is a world with which you are totally unfamiliar."

[Hippie]

hehe, pa kud si s time ovdi naso..... procitaj malo o DMTu, ako te bas zanima... ili ayahuasci.....u jos gorem/dubljem slucaju prporucujem knjigu koja je bitno uticala na mene.....

[Indy]

Zahvaljujuci DMT-u, bez sumnje, znao sam da ces bas ti da se javis na ovu temu. :D

[BraveMargot]

bilo je i nekoliko pokusaja da se psihodelicne droge koriste u lecenju psihjatrijskih pacijenata.Review: LSD i psihjatrijaa evo i jednog editorijala iz britanskog casopisa za psihjatriju, koji raspravlja o ulozi psihodelika u psihjatriji.

EDITORIALCan psychedelics have a role in psychiatry once again?BEN SESSA, MBBS, BSc, MRCPsychThe Park Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LQ, UK. E-mail: drbensessa@hotmail.comDECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.Psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4,5-trimethoxy-?-phenethylamine (mescaline), psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and their relations occur in abundance throughout the natural world, and have been used by humankind for thousands of years.In some cultures they are important tools for spiritual experiences, whereas in others they are labelled as dangerous drugs of misuse. What is less well known about these substances is the role they played in psychiatry for a brief historical interval. This article offers a short overview of this period and questions whether interest in these compounds might be emerging again.CURRENT TRAINING AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PSYCHEDELICSDespite their history, psychedelics have dropped out of psychiatric dialogue for today's trainee psychiatrists (Strassman, 2001). In my own training, references to compounds like LSD, psilocybin and MDMA were usually followed by statements such as ‘have no medical use’. But I was taught about the acute emergencies and social problems associated with their misuse.Yet in the years between the first synthesis of LSD in the 1930s and the disappearance of psychedelic research by the late 1960s, there was a furious growth of scientific interest in these substances. Many pioneers gave their careers to this field, hoping that psychedelic drugs could be to psychiatry what the microscope is to biology or the telescope is to astronomy: an essential tool to explore the parts of the internal world that are usually inaccessible (Grof, 2001).HISTORY OF PSYCHEDELIC RESEARCHThe Swiss chemist, Albert Hoffman first synthesized LSD-25 while studying derivatives of the fungus ergot for use as potential medicines. When he accidentally absorbed some LSD during a laboratory session there followed an intense experience of perceptual and emotional effects (Hoffman, 1980).By the late 1940s psychiatrists were beginning to experiment with LSD as a tool, and in 1951 it was the subject of a presentation at the annual conference of the American Psychological Association. Initial work explored the possibility that psychedelics might be used as ‘psychotomimetics’, to mimic the mental states of patients with schizophrenia (Osmond, 1957), and many health professionals were encouraged to partake in self-discovery or shared psychedelic experiences with their patients. Other research looked into using psychedelic drugs as adjuncts to psychotherapy. The therapy took the form of two broad types: first, psycholytic (‘mind loosening’) psychotherapy involved taking low doses of LSD as part of ongoing psychoanalytical therapy. The drug had a loosening effect and facilitated the exploration of repressed material. The second type, psychedelic (‘mind manifesting’) psychotherapy involved preparation sessions without LSD, then one single large-dose session that encouraged an intense reaction, followed by further non-drug sessions to explore the meaning of the material that emerged (Grinspoon & Bakalar, 1997).By 1965 over 2000 papers had been published describing positive results for over 40 000 patients who took psychedelic drugs with few side-effects and a high level of safety (Masters & Houston, 1970). The techniques were applied to the treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, depression, bereavement reactions and sexual dysfunction, among others (Newland, 1962; Grof, 2001). In the treatment of addiction, repeated controlled experiments demonstrated a consistent recovery and 6-month abstinence from drinking in 50-90% of participants after brief psychedelic therapy (Abramson, 1967; Hoffer, 1970). Another area where therapy was used successfully was in relieving pain and anxiety in terminal cancer (Kast, 1964).PROBLEMS WITH PREVIOUS RESEARCHDespite the volume of publications from this period, most of the published material refers to anecdotal case reports that are of little value by contemporary research standards because they lack sufficient follow-up and control participants (Grob, 1994). Even though results appeared promising, by the 1970s, under pressure from the US justice department, virtually all research had ended. LSD had leaked from the scientific community to a wider audience. By 1966 LSD misuse had become a problem and its possession was made illegal. This prompted the scientific community to distance themselves from interest in such substances. Governments clamped down on research licences, and increasing reports of adverse reactions to psychedelics taken recreationally as opposed to those used in controlled, scientific circumstances (which remained safe) appeared in the literature (Strassman, 2001). As a result, research use ceased while illicit use remained, fuelled by a growing criminal distribution and financial system.Until very recently, research on psychedelic drugs has been severely restricted, which explains the current lack of knowledge among psychiatrists.CURRENT RESEARCHSince the 1970s, MDMA psychotherapy has seen an emerging underground use by analysts. MDMA, strictly speaking an ‘empathogen’ rather than a psychedelic drug, is less intense and shorter-acting than LSD. It appears to offer a similar therapeutic potential for lowering a patient's defences and aiding the psychotherapeutic process (Holland, 2001).A lifting of the government ban on psychedelic research in Switzerland between 1988 and 1993 allowed a brief recommencement of psycholytic psychotherapy using LSD and MDMA for patients with personality disorders, affective disorders and adjustment disorders. There are currently projects under development in Spain, Israel and the USA looking at MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and as a treatment for anxiety and depression associated with cancer. Between 1990 and 1995 extensive studies of DMT, a strong but short-acting agent, were conducted with human participants in the USA (Strassman, 2001). Other research includes a double-blind placebo controlled study in Russia using ketamine in the treatment of heroin addiction, which has demonstrated improved rates of abstinence, maintained at 2-year follow-up (Krupitsky et al, 2002). Also in progress are studies looking at psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and for reducing anxiety and pain in cancer patients. All of this research is well summarised on the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) website (www.maps.org).ONGOING PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT RESEARCHAlthough drug misuse remains a growing phenomenon in our global society the public and governments are suspicious of psychedelic research. The image of psychedelics, severely damaged by the 1960s drug culture, is further spoiled by drug use in today's ‘rave’ scene. Finding unbiased information about psychedelic research is often difficult.However, many of the early pioneers of psychedelic research continue to promote it for the field of mental health. Dr Humphrey Osmond, the British psychiatrist who, in communication with the author Aldous Huxley, coined the term ‘psychedelic’ in the 1950s, strongly supported psychedelic research until his death last year aged 86 years, when he received a fitting tribute in the BMJ (Hopkins Tanne, 2004). Albert Hoffman, who celebrated his 99th birthday this year, maintains contact with organisations promoting scientific research into medical uses for psychedelic drugs, such as MAPS and the Heffter Research Institute (www.heffter.org).Researchers believe these drugs are important tools for further academic study. Their recognised psychological effects fit well into an approach looking for the neurobiological links between mental and physical states. Also from a clinical point of view, the practice of traditional psychedelic psychotherapy - using the drugs as an adjunct to brief, time-limited psychotherapy - has much in common with the current practice of cognitive-behavioural therapy.CONCLUSIONPerhaps it is surprising that there remains such considerable ignorance about the potential of these substances from within psychiatry itself. As with Galileo's telescope and Darwin's suggestion of our ascendancy from apes, radical scientific challenges tend to take the form of an attack on the anthropocentric model of the world. In the light of this, research that explores alternative states of consciousness and then offers a viable neurobiological substrate for the very human experience of religious encounter is bound to meet with objection from a generation of psychiatrists who have been conditioned to consider such work as ‘mysticism’. Perhaps a more dispassionate criticism based upon scientific reasoning and not influenced by social or political pressures is called for if we are truly to investigate whether these substances can have a useful role in psychiatry today.

Gledala sam prosle godine na tvu intervju s dr Osmondom i njegovim pomocnikom i njihov metod psihodelicne psihoterapije delovao mi je jako zanimljivo. Namesto hipnoze, tokom koje ne postoji svest o sadrzajima, psihodelici omogucavaju jedno specificno permeabilno stanje svesti tokom koga osoba moze biti prijemcivija za promenu; dozivljaji tokom takve terapije nisu crna rupa, vec nesto cemu se osoba moze vratiti u secanju, sto svakako ima svoje prednosti jer pridobija svest kao saveznika u promeni raspolozenja ili ponasanja. Edited April 8, 2008 by BraveMargot

[Hippie]

nije bas zanimljivo kad tako uletis u sopstvenu traumu iz detinjstva.. davno zaboravljenu

[Indy]

By 1965 over 2000 papers had been published describing positive results for over 40 000 patients who took psychedelic drugs with few side-effects and a high level of safety (Masters & Houston, 1970). The techniques were applied to the treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, depression, bereavement reactions and sexual dysfunction, among others (Newland, 1962; Grof, 2001). In the treatment of addiction, repeated controlled experiments demonstrated a consistent recovery and 6-month abstinence from drinking in 50-90% of participants after brief psychedelic therapy (Abramson, 1967; Hoffer, 1970). Another area where therapy was used successfully was in relieving pain and anxiety in terminal cancer (Kast, 1964).

Jako zanimljivo, posebno primena kod terminalnih pacijenata. Citao sam 1 clanak (ne mogu sad da nadjem link) u australijskim novinama, gde se otprilike zauzima stav da generalno droge (uopste) nisu toliko problem, koliko nedostatak istih (odnosno, cela kriminogena subkultura razvijena oko dilovanja, sa pripadajucim nepostojanjem kontrole u smislu doze, cistoce, itd). To je, naravno, vrlo kontraverzna (dangerous) ideja.

[Nicol]

većina supstanci koje se zlouporebljavaju su bile prisutne u društvima puno prije nego li je njihova (zlo)upotreba medikalizirana i opisana u postojećim klasifikacijama (kao substance abuse ili substance dependance). halucinogeni u tom smislu nisu iznimka. dakle, patologija zloupotrebe ili ovisnosti o nekoj tvari se više temelji na maladaptivnom uzorku korištenja, nego li na njenom učinku na centralni živčani sustav.

[Hippie]

ja cekam da ovoj knjigici padne cena.. biche da je vrlo zanimljiva

[kgmr]

umro albert hoffman

[Kelt]

zanimljiv link

[Nicol]

zanimljiv link

zgodno. naravno, s ogradom da te tvari imaju sistemski učinak na većinu organa, ne samo na mozak.

[Hippie]

slava mu...

[ToniAdams]

RIPfala ti za srecno detinjstvo!

[Indy]

zanimljiv link

Hehe, kako su cakani. Najbolji mi je pijanac, kad ga uzmes, ispadne mu flasa :D

[Pontijak]

eh :) eh :) i nikome da padne na pamet da umesto tih mudrolija i RIP kerefeka Hofmanu iskoristi priliku i drmne neki dobar trip :D tja, novi vek - novi obicaji :D@Toni Adams e ovo tvoje je pravi RIP

Edited April 30, 2008 by Pontijak